Study on the Physical Mechanism of Charging and Discharging and Capacitance Characteristics of Automobile Supercapacitor-Based on AP Physics C and Mathematical Analysis

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62517/jes.202602245

Author(s)

Hongxuan Yang

Affiliation(s)

Chengdu Foreign Language School, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Abstract

This study focuses on new energy vehicle supercapacitors as its core research subject. The methodology integrates fundamental theories of electromagnetism and mechanics from AP Physics C with mathematical tools like partial derivatives and total differentials to systematically elucidate the physical mechanisms and capacitive regulation laws during charge-discharge processes. Through theoretical derivations, we establish a quantitative model linking electric field (E), potential difference (V), and capacitance (C). This approach enables quantification of electric field forces' impact on charge migration dynamics, while also clarifying how temperature-induced mechanical parameter changes modify capacitance values. In our research, we integrated theoretical derivation, experimental verification, and numerical computation-after all, no single method can overcome all limitations, and combining them ensures more reliable solutions. For instance, we tackled critical questions like calculating potential differences in non-uniform electric fields and analyzing how instantaneous changes in electric field forces affect acceleration. Frankly, this study not only completed the theoretical framework for supercapacitor charging and discharging but also provided quantifiable parameters and technical approaches for optimizing charging efficiency and reducing energy loss in new energy vehicles. Its significance in advancing energy storage technology for new energy vehicles is substantial, both theoretically and in practical engineering applications.

Keywords

New Energy Vehicle Supercapacitor; Charging and Discharging Kinetic Model; Temperature-coupled Capacitance Correction Model; Partial Derivative; Total Differential

References

[1] Wang Zhenpo, Sun Fengchun, Lin Cheng. Technological Advances and Challenges in Energy Storage Systems for New Energy Vehicles [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020,56(10):1-16. [2] Serdyukov A, Nikitin A, Solovev A. Physics of supercapacitors: Fundamentals and applications[M]. Berlin: Springer, 2019. [3] Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China. New Energy Vehicle Industry Development Plan (2021-2035) [Z]. 2020. [4] Zhang Ming, Li Jing, and Wang Qiang. Analysis of the Relationship Between Capacitor Energy Storage and Charging Time in Vehicles [J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023,72(5):456-462. [5] Li Hua, Zhao Wei, Chen Liang. Experimental Study on the Influence of Parallel-Plate Capacitor Parameters [J]. University Physics, 2024,43(3):32-36. [6] Wang Lei, Liu Yang, Zhang Min. Experimental Study on the Effect of Temperature on Supercapacitor Performance [J]. Power Technology, 2022,46(8):987-990. [7] Smith J.Smith J. Supercapacitor charging dynamics: Experimental study[J]. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2023, 38(2): 1234-1240. [8] Jones L.Jones L. Temperature effects on supercapacitor performance[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2024, 567: 232105. [9] Brown C, Davis R, Wilson S. Numerical simulation of non-uniform electric field in supercapacitors[J]. Journal of Electrostatics, 2022, 116: 103789. [10] Zhao Kaihua, Chen Ximou. Electromagnetism (3rd Edition). Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2018. [11] Young H D, Freedman R A. University Physics with Modern Physics[M]. 15th ed. New York: Pearson, 2020. [12] Department of Mathematics, Tongji University. Advanced Mathematics (7th Edition) [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2014. [13] Conway B E. Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications[M]. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002. [14] Liu Jianlin, Zhang Yu, Li Gang. The Effect of Supercapacitor Electrode Structure on Electric Field Distribution. Electrochemistry, 2021,27(4):512-518. [15] Miller J R, Simon P. Electrochemical capacitors for energy management[J]. Science, 2008, 321(5889): 651-652. [16] Zhang Sanhui. University Physics (Electromagnetism). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2019. [17] Rakhi R, Khaleel A M, Kim H Y. Recent advances in supercapacitor materials: Design, synthesis and applications[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(32): 19094-19120. [18] National Natural Science Foundation of China. Strategic Development Research Report on Energy Science (2021-2035) [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2020. [19] Burke A.Burke A. Ultracapacitors: Why, how, and where is the technology[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2008, 183(1):42-50. [20] College Board. AP Physics C:Electricity and Magnetism Course and Exam Description[EB/OL]. (2022-03-15)[2024-05-20]. https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-c-electricity-and-magnetism